<p><strongfont size="3">Genomics</strong> is the study of an organism's entire <a hreffont size="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome5">genomeWhat is genomics?</afont>. In contrast, <br /><br />Genomics</strong> is the investigation [[omics]] study of single genes[[gene]]s of individual organisms, their functions and roles&nbsp;populations, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of species. <a href="http:br /></en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology"font>molecular biology</a>, does not fall into the definition of genomics, unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p>  <p><a namefont size="History_of_the_field" id="History_of_the_field3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /></afont></p><h2p><span classfont size="editsection3"></span><span class="mw-headline">History The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of the fieldgenetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </spanfont></h2p><p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the <a href<font size="http://en3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.wikipedia.org</wikifont></1980s" titlep><p><span class="1980smw-headline">1980s<font size="4">&nbsp; </afont>, and took off in the <a href="http:/span></en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" titlep><div v:shape="1990s_x0000_s1026">1990s</a> with the initiation of <a hrefspan style="httpFONT-SIZE://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_projects" title="Genome projects32pt">genome projects</a> for several <a hreffont color="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_species#339966" titlesize="Biological species5">biological species&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</afont>. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a href="http:/span></en.wikipedia.orgdiv><p>&nbsp;</wiki/Sequencingp><p><strong><span class="mw-headline" title><font size="Sequencing4">sequencingHistory of the field</afont></span> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics" title="Functional genomics"strong>functional genomics</ap><p>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a hreffont size="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene expression</a> during various conditionssequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus. The most important tools here are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray" title="Microarray"font></p>microarrays</ap> and <a hreffont size="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics3">bioinformatics</a>. Study In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the full set University of proteins in a cell type or tissueGhent (Ghent, and Belgium) were the changes during various conditions, is called first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics_ref-0" titleclass="Proteomicsreference">proteomics[1]</asup>In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</p><p>In <a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_ref-1" titleclass="1972reference">1972[2]</asup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers" titleThe first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="Walter Fiers_ref-2" class="reference">Walter Fiers[3]</asup> and his team at the Laboratory . The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of Molecular Biology of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent" title="University of Ghent"em>University of GhentHaemophilus influenzae</aem> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>1.8 Mb) in 1995, <and since then genomes are being sequenced at a href="http://enrapid pace.wikipediaA rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.org</wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"font>Belgium</ap><p>) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for <a hreffont size="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS23" title="Bacteriophage MS2">Bacteriophage MS2</a> coat protein.>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-03" class="reference">[4]<a href/sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note_ref-04" titleclass="reference">[15]</asup>Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as </supem> In Haemophilus influenzae<a href="http://enem>.wikipediaOf the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models.orgYeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</wiki/1976" title="1976"em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>1976Drosophila melanogaster</aem>, the team determined the complete nucleotidehas been a very important tool (notably in early pre-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNAmolecular genetics).The worm <sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">em>Caenorhabditis elegans<a href="http://enem> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-1" title=""The zebrafish <em>[2]Brachydanio rerio</aem>is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </supem> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a href="http://enmodel organism for flowering plants.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage"The Japanese pufferfish (<em>bacteriophageTakifugu rubripes</aem>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em> Tetraodon nigroviridis<a href="http://enem>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi<sup id="_ref-X174_phage5" titleclass="Phi-X174 phagereference">&Phi;-X174;[6]</asup> (5,368 <a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair_ref-6" titleclass="Base pairreference">bp[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</aem>), sequenced by <a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title_ref-7" class="Frederick Sangerreference">Frederick Sanger[8]</asup> brown rat (<em> in Rattus norvegicus<a href="http:/em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" title="1977"em>1977), and chimpanzee (</aem>Pan troglodytes<sup id="_ref-2" class/em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p><p><font size="reference3">&nbsp;<a href/font></p><p><strong><span class="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_notemw-2headline" title><font size="4">[3]Bacteriophage Genomics</afont></span></strong></supp>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <emp><a hreffont size="http://en3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology.wikipediaHistorically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</Also the first genome to be sequenced was a></em> (1bacteriophage.8 <a href="http://enHowever, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">Mb</a>) in <a href="http://enOnly very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, and since then but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes are being sequenced at . Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a rapid pacesubstantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A rough draft detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the human role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome was completed by the .<a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project_ref-McGrath_0" titleclass="Human Genome Projectreference">Human Genome Project[9]</asup> in early <a href="http:/font></en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001"p>2001</ap>, creating much fanfare.&nbsp;</p><p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 <a hrefstrong><span class="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusmw-headline" title><font size="Virus4">virusesCyanobacteria Genomics</afont></span></strong></p><p> <sup idfont size="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://enAt present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available.wikipedia15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment.orgThese are six <em>Prochlorococcus</wiki/Genomics#_note-3" title=""em><em>[4]Synechococcus</aem> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</supem>, 577 IMS101 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria"em>bacterialCrocosphaera watsonii</aem> species and roughly 23 <a href="http://en[[WH8501.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of which about half marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi"em>fungiProchlorococcus</aem>. and marine <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"em>Synechococcus<a href="http:/em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-4" title=""em>[5]and </aem>Prochloron</supem> Most of , the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic diseaseN₂-causing agentsfixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, such as <em>Lyngbya aestuarii<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzaeem> and </aem>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Of Thus, the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to become good models. Yeast (<em><address global problems by applying a href="http://encomparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></em>) has long been an important <a hrefsup id="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism_ref-Herrero_0" titleclass="Model organismreference">model organism[10]</asup> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cell" title="Eukaryotic cell"font>eukaryotic cell</ap>, while the fruit fly <emp><a hreffont size="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster4">Drosophila melanogaster[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</afont></emp><p><strong> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a hrefspan class="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticsmw-headline" title><font size="Genetics4">geneticsSee also</afont>). The worm <em><a href="http:<//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans"span>Caenorhabditis elegans</a></em> is an often used simple model for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The zebrafish <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerio" title="Brachydanio rerio">Brachydanio rerio</a></em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pufferfish&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Japanese pufferfish">Japanese pufferfish</a> (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></em>) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_green_pufferfish&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Spotted green pufferfish">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis" title="Tetraodon nigroviridis">Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup> The mammals dog (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris" title="Canis familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup> brown rat (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></em>), mouse (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></em>), and chimpanzee (<em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p><p><a name="Bacteriophage_Genomics" id="Bacteriophage_Genomics"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Bacteriophage Genomics</span></h2><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>. Historically, they were used to define <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> structure and gene regulation. Also the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> to be sequenced was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage" title="Phage">phage</a> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">prophage</a> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-McGrath" title="">[9]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Cyanobacteria_Genomics" id="Cyanobacteria_Genomics"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria Genomics</span></h2><p>At present there are 24 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> strains, seven marine <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> strains, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Trichodesmium erythraeum">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></em> IMS101 and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Crocosphaera watsonii">Crocosphaera watsonii</a></em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></em> and marine <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></em> isolates, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Acaryochloris">Acaryochloris</a></em> and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prochloron&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Prochloron">Prochloron</a></em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Nodularia spumigena">Nodularia spumigena</a></em>, <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit" class="new" title="Lyngbya aestuarii">Lyngbya aestuarii</a></em> and <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula" title="Lyngbya majuscula">Lyngbya majuscula</a></em>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_note-Herrero" title="">[10]</a></sup></p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></astrong></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>

<li><a hreffont size="http:3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></en.wikipedia.orgli> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</wikifont></Computational_genomicsli> <li><font size=" title3">[[Omics]] </font></li> <li><font size="Computational genomics3">Computational genomics[[Proteomics]] </afont></li> <li><a hreffont size="http:3">[[Interactomics]] </font></en.wikipedia.orgli> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]] </wikifont></Nitrogenomicsli> <li><font size="3" title>[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">Nitrogenomics[[Pathogenomics]]</afont></li>

<p><a name="References" id="References">&nbsp;</ap></p><h2strong><span class="editsectionmw-headline"></span><span classfont size="mw-headline4">References</font></span></h2strong></p>

<li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8</font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a hreftitle="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976</font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95</font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font></li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4" title="">^>^</a></strong> <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></lifont></li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font></li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6" title="">^>^</a></strong> <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></lifont></li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0" title="">^>^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="fontFONT-styleSTYLE: normal;" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow">ISBN >ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0" title="">^</a></strong> <cite classstyle="bookFONT-STYLE: normal" styleclass="font-style: normal;book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow">>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a hrefclass="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" classrel="external textnofollow" titlehref="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font> <br />