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<p><font size="3"><strong><font size="5">What is genomics?</font><br /><br />Genomics</strong> is the study [[omics]] study of an organism'[[gene]]s entire genome. In contrastof individual organisms, the investigation of single genes&nbsp;populations, their functions and roles, something very common in today's medical and biological research, and a primary focus of molecular biology, does not fall into the definition species. <br /></font></p><p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of genomicsperforming biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, unless the aim of this genetic, pathwaytheir functions, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networksroles.<br /></font></p><p><a idfont size="History_of_the_field" name="History_of_the_field3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </afont></p><h2p><span classfont size="editsection3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</spanfont></p><p><span class="mw-headline">History of the field<font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></h2p><p>Genomics can be said to have appeared in the 1980s, and took off in the 1990s with the initiation of genome projects for several biological species. A major branch of genomics div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is still concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of functional genomics, mainly concerned with patterns of gene expression during various conditions. The most important tools here are microarrays and bioinformatics. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called proteomics.not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div><p>&nbsp;</p><p></pstrong><p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.field<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"/font></span>[1]</supstrong></p><p> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup classfont size="reference3" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;>Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p><p><sup classfont size="reference" id="_ref-23">[3]</sup>. The In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first free-living organism to be sequenced was that determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<emsup id="_ref-0" class="reference">Haemophilus influenzae[1]</emsup> (1.8 Mb) in 1995In 1976, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfarethe team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</psup><p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was known that of about 1879 viruses bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-32" class="reference">[43]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_refThe first free-4"living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>[5]Haemophilus influenzae</supem> Most of the bacteria whose (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes have been completely are being sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>at a rapid pace. Of A rough draft of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font><em/p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</emp>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell<font size="3">As of September 2007, while the fruit fly complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <emsup id="_ref-3" class="reference">Drosophila melanogaster[4]</emsup> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics), 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. The worm <emsup id="_ref-4" class="reference">Caenorhabditis elegans[5]</emsup> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Brachydanio rerioHaemophilus influenzae</em> is used for many developmental studies on . Of the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organism for flowering plantsorganisms or promised to become good models. The Japanese pufferfish Yeast (<em>Takifugu rubripesSaccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) and has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the spotted green pufferfish (fruit fly <em>Tetraodon nigroviridisDrosophila melanogaster</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing has been a very little nonimportant tool (notably in early pre-coding DNA compared to most speciesmolecular genetics). The worm <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5"em>[6]Caenorhabditis elegans</supem> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em> Brachydanio rerio<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6"/em>[7]is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </supem> Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The mammals dog Japanese pufferfish (<em>Canis familiarisTakifugu rubripes</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7"and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>[8]Tetraodon nigroviridis</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</emem>)are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, mouse (<emcontaining very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">Mus musculus[6]</emsup>), and chimpanzee (<emsup id="_ref-6" class="reference">Pan troglodytes[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>) are all important model animals in medical research.Canis familiaris</pem>), <p><a idsup id="Bacteriophage_Genomics_ref-7" nameclass="Bacteriophage_Genomicsreference">[8]</asup>brown rat (</pem>Rattus norvegicus<h2/em><span class="editsection"), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</spanem>), and chimpanzee (<span class="mw-headline"em>Bacteriophage GenomicsPan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</spanfont></h2p><p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p><p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genomicsgenetics and molecular biology. Only very recently has Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the study of first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophagesHowever, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomesbacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Analysis of bacterial genomes Only very recently has shown that a substantial amount the study of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elementsbacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. A detailed database mining of these Bacteriophage genome sequences offers insights into the role can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_refgenomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-McGrath_0">[9]like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.</sup></p><p><a idid="Cyanobacteria_Genomics_ref-McGrath_0" nameclass="Cyanobacteria_Genomicsreference">[9]</asup></font></p><h2p>&nbsp;<span class="editsection"/p><p></spanstrong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Cyanobacteria Genomics</font></span></h2strong></p><p><font size="3">At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcus</em> strains, seven marine <em>Synechococcus</em> strains, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</em> and marine <em>Synechococcus</em> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <em>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0" class="reference">[10]</sup></font></p><p><a idfont size="See_also" name="See_also4">[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</afont></p><h2p><strong><span class="editsectionmw-headline"></span><span classfont size="mw-headline4">See also</font></span></h2strong></p>

<li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional genomics]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]]</font></li>

<p><a id="References" name="References">&nbsp;</ap></p><h2strong><span class="editsectionmw-headline"></span><span classfont size="mw-headline4">References</font></span></h2strong></p>

<li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font></li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strongfont size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite classstyle="book" style="FONTFONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="book">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font> <br />