Changes

<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in [[omics]] concerning the study of the genomes and associated omes of organisms.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA sequence</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> of organisms and fine-scale </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetic mapping</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> efforts. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, </span><a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"><span style="font-size: medium;">pleiotropy</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"><span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">For the </span><a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"><span style="font-size: medium;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, &quot;the term &quot;genomics&quot; encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels.&quot;</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">virus</span></a> and a <a titlespan style="Mitochondrionfont-size: medium;" href=> and a </span><a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"><span style="font-size: medium;">mitochondrion</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, and were done by </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fred Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with </span><a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">sequencing</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of </span><a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">functional genomics</span></a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a titlespan style="font-size: medium;">, mainly concerned with patterns of </span><a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"><span style="font-size: medium;">gene expression</span></a> during various <span style="font-size: medium;"> during various conditions. The most important tools here are </span><a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray"><span style="font-size: medium;">microarrays</span></a> and <a titlespan style="Bioinformatics" href=font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called </span><a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">proteomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. A related concept is </span><a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">materiomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1972, </span><a title="Walter Fiers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fiers">Walter Fiers</a> span style="font-size: medium;">Walter Fiers</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">University of Ghent</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (</span><a title="Ghent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ghent</span></a>, <a titlespan style="Belgiumfont-size: medium;">, </span><a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="font-size: medium;">Belgium</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for </span><a title="Bacteriophage MS2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_MS2"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophage MS2</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> coat protein.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-1"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[2]</span>2<span/a>]</spansup></a></supspan style="font-size: medium;"> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-2"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The first <span style="font-size: medium;"> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phi-X174 phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-X174_phage"><span style="font-size: medium;">&Phi;-X174;</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> (5,368 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">bp</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), sequenced by <a /span><a title="Frederick Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frederick Sanger</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in 1977.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-3"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>4<span>]4]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of </span><i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></a></i> (1.8 <span style="font-size: medium;"> (1.8 </span><a title="Base pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mb</span></a>) in 1995<sup classspan style="referencefont-size: medium;">) in 1995</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-4"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>, and since then <span style="font-size: medium;">, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 </span><a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="font-size: medium;">viruses</aspan></a><span style="font-size: medium;">,</span>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-5"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> 577 <a titlespan style="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriafont-size: medium;">bacterial577 </aspan> species and roughly 23 <a title="EukaryoteBacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EukaryoteBacteria">eukaryote</aspan style="font-size: medium;">bacterial</span> organisms, of which about half are </a class><span style="mwfont-redirectsize: medium;" > species and roughly 23 </span><a title="FungiEukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FungiEukaryote">fungi</a>. <sup classspan style="reference" id="cite_reffont-6size: medium;">eukaryote</span></a href><span style="httpfont-size://medium;"> organisms, of which about half are </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-6Fungi"><span>[style="font-size: medium;">fungi</span>7<span/a>]</spanstyle="font-size: medium;">. </aspan></supclass="reference" id="cite_ref-6"> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <i><a title="Haemophilus influenzae" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaeGenomics#cite_note-6">Haemophilus influenzae<span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></a></isup><span style="font-size: medium;">. Of Most of the other bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced speciesare problematic disease-causing agents, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (such as </span><i><a title="Saccharomyces cerevisiaeHaemophilus influenzae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiaeHaemophilus_influenzae"><span style="font-size: medium;">Saccharomyces cerevisiaeHaemophilus influenzae</span></a></i>) has long been an important <a titlespan style="Model organismfont-size: medium;" href="http://en>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models.wikipedia.orgYeast (</wiki/Model_organism"span>model organism</ai> for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic cellSaccharomyces cerevisiae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_cellSaccharomyces_cerevisiae"><span style="font-size: medium;">eukaryotic cellSaccharomyces cerevisiae</aspan></a>, while the fruit fly </i><span style="font-size: medium;">) has long been an important </span><a title="Drosophila melanogasterModel organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogasterModel_organism">Drosophila melanogaster<span style="font-size: medium;">model organism</aspan></ia> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular <a titlespan style="Geneticsfont-size: medium;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics> for the </a>). The worm <ispan><a class="mw-redirect" title="Caenorhabditis elegansEukaryotic cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegansEukaryotic_cell"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caenorhabditis eleganseukaryotic cell</aspan></ia> is an often used simple model for <a titlespan style="Multicellular organismfont-size: medium;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism">multicellular organisms>, while the fruit fly </aspan>. The zebrafish <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brachydanio rerioDrosophila melanogaster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydanio_rerioDrosophila_melanogaster"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerioDrosophila melanogaster</aspan></ia> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </i><a titlespan style="Arabidopsis thalianafont-size: medium;"> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianaGenetics">Arabidopsis thaliana</a>span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</ispan> is </a model organism for flowering plants><span style="font-size: medium;">). The worm </span><i><a classtitle="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pufferfishCaenorhabditis elegans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pufferfishCaenorhabditis_elegans"><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese pufferfishCaenorhabditis elegans</span></a> (</i><a titlespan style="Takifugu rubripesfont-size: medium;"> is an often used simple model for </span><a title="Multicellular organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripesMulticellular_organism"><span style="font-size: medium;">Takifugu rubripesmulticellular organisms</aspan></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. The zebrafish </span><i>) and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted green pufferfishBrachydanio rerio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_green_pufferfishBrachydanio_rerio">spotted green pufferfish</a> (<ispan style="font-size: medium;">Brachydanio rerio<a title="Tetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis"span>Tetraodon nigroviridis</a></i>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class<span style="reference" id="cite_reffont-7size: medium;"><a is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower </span><i><a title="Arabidopsis thaliana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-7Arabidopsis_thaliana"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[Arabidopsis thaliana</span>8<span/a>]</i><spanstyle="font-size: medium;"></is a>model organism for flowering plants. The </supspan> <sup a class="referencemw-redirect" idtitle="cite_ref-8Japanese pufferfish"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8Japanese_pufferfish"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[Japanese pufferfish</span>9<span/a>]</spanstyle="font-size: medium;">(</aspan></sup> The mammals dog (<i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiarisTakifugu rubripes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiarisTakifugu_rubripes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiarisTakifugu rubripes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and the </span><sup a class="referencemw-redirect" idtitle="cite_ref-9Spotted green pufferfish"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_noteSpotted_green_pufferfish"><span style="font-9size: medium;">spotted green pufferfish</span>[</spana>10<spanstyle="font-size: medium;">](</span></a></sup> brown rat (<i><a classtitle="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicusTetraodon nigroviridis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicusTetraodon_nigroviridis"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicusTetraodon nigroviridis</aspan></ia>), mouse (</i><a classspan style="mwfont-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="httpsize://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculusmedium;">Mus musculus</a></i>), are interesting because of their small and chimpanzee (compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <i/span><a sup class="mw-redirectreference" titleid="Pan troglodytescite_ref-7" href><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytesGenomics#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes[8]</span></a></isup>) are all important model animals in medical research<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: medium;">[9]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> The mammals dog (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"><span style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: medium;">[10]</span></a></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> brown rat (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rattus norvegicus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), mouse (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mus musculus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">), and chimpanzee (</span><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pan troglodytes</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">) are all important model animals in medical research.</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the </span><a title="Human Genome Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"><span style="font-size: medium;">Human Genome Project</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> in early 2001, creating much fanfare. By 2007 the human sequence was declared &quot;finished&quot; (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). Display of the results of the project required significant </span><a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"><span style="font-size: medium;">bioinformatics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> resources. The sequence of the human </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Reference assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_assembly"><span style="font-size: medium;">reference assembly</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> can be explored using the </span><a title="UCSC Genome Browser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser"><span style="font-size: medium;">UCSC Genome Browser</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><a title="Ensembl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ensembl</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bacteriophages</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial </span><a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</span style="font-size: medium;">genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology<span style="font-size: medium;">molecular biology</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Historically, they were used to define </span><a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene<span style="font-size: medium;">gene</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> structure and gene regulation. Also the first </span><a title="Genome" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome">genome<span style="font-size: medium;">genome</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> to be sequenced was a </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage">phage<span style="font-size: medium;">phage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of </span><a title="Prophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage">prophage</span style="font-size: medium;">prophage</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGrath_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-McGrath-10"><span>style="font-size: medium;">[11]</span>11<span/a>]</spansup></ap></supp>&nbsp;</p><h2><span idstyle="Cyanobacteria_genomicsfont-size: large;"><span id="Cyanobacteria_genomics" class="mw-headline">Cyanobacteria genomics</span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">At present there are 24 </span><a title="Cyanobacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</aspan style="font-size: medium;">cyanobacteria</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus<span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, seven marine </span><i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus">Synechococcus</span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> strains, </span><i><a title="Trichodesmium erythraeum (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichodesmium_erythraeum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Trichodesmium erythraeum<span style="font-size: medium;">Trichodesmium erythraeum</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> IMS101 and </span><i><a title="Crocosphaera watsonii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocosphaera_watsonii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crocosphaera watsonii</span></a></i> <a title="WH8501 (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WH8501&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">WH8501</span></a>. <span style="font-size: medium;">. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further </span><i><a title="Prochlorococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochlorococcus</aspan></ia></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and marine </span> and marine <i><a title="Synechococcus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus"><span style="font-size: medium;">Synechococcus</aspan></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> isolates, </span><i><a title="Acaryochloris (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acaryochloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Acaryochloris</aspan></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Prochloron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochloron"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prochloron</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria </span><i><a title="Nodularia spumigena (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodularia_spumigena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nodularia spumigena</aspan></ia></i><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span>, <i><a title="Lyngbya aestuarii (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngbya_aestuarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya aestuarii</span></a></i><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><i><a title="Lyngbya majuscula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya_majuscula"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lyngbya majuscula</span></a></i>, <span style="font-size: medium;">, as well as </span><a title="Bacteriophage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"><span style="font-size: medium;">bacteriophages</span></a> infecting <span style="font-size: medium;"> infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of </span><a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"><span style="font-size: medium;">photosynthesis</span></a>, <span style="font-size: medium;">, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herrero_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-Herrero-11"><spanstyle="font-size: medium;">[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2p><span idstyle="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2>

<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Full Genome Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Genome_Sequencing"><span style="font-size: medium;">Full Genome Sequencing</span></a></li> <li><a title="Computational genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Computational genomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Nitrogenomics (page does not exist)" class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenomics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nitrogenomics</span></a></li> <li><a title="Metagenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Metagenomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Predictive Medicine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Medicine"><span style="font-size: medium;">Predictive Medicine</span></a></li> <li><a title="Personal genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Personal genomics</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">Psychogenomics</span></a></li>

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b></span> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf"><span style="font-size: small;">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein&quot;. <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82&ndash;88. </span></span><span class="citation Journal"><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>span style="font-size: small;">doi</span></a><span style="font-size:small;">:</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.1038/237082a0</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a>&nbsp;<a classspan style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447"><span style="font-size: small;">4555447</aspan>.</spana></lispan> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-2size: small;"><b><a hrefspan class="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2citation Journal">^.</aspan></bspan></li> <li id="cite_note-2"> <span classstyle="citation Journalfont-size: small;">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). &quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quotsmall;. <i">Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500&ndash;507. <a titlespan class="Bibcodecitation Journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs>Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976).harvard&quot;Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene&quot;.edu<i>Nature</absi> <b>260</1976Natur.260..500F"b>1976Natur.260(5551): 500&ndash;507..500F</aspan>. <a title=/span><span class="citation Journal"Digital object identifier><a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierBibcode"><span style="font-size: small;">doiBibcode</aspan></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dxadsabs.doiharvard.orgedu/abs/101976Natur.260..1038%2F260500a0500F">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a classspan style="mwfont-redirectsize: small;" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en>1976Natur.260.wikipedia.org500F</wiki/PubMed_Identifier"span>PMID</a>&nbsp;<a classspan style="external textfont-size: small;" rel>. </span><a title="nofollowDigital object identifier" href="http://wwwen.ncbiwikipedia.nlm.nih.govorg/pubmedwiki/1264203Digital_object_identifier">1264203</aspan style="font-size: small;">.doi</span></lia> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-3size: small;">:<b/span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://endx.wikipediadoi.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref10.1038%2F260500a0"><span style="font-3size: small;">^10.1038/260500a0</aspan></ba> <span classstyle="citation Journalfont-size: small;">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). &quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</i</span> <b>265</b> (5596): 687&ndash;695. <a titlea class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifierPubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierPubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-size: small;">doiPMID</aspan></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dxwww.doincbi.org/10nlm.1038%2F265687a0">10nih.1038gov/265687a0<pubmed/a1264203">. <a classspan style="mwfont-redirectsize: small;" title>1264203</span></a></span><span style="PubMed Identifier" hreffont-size: small;"><span class="http://encitation Journal">.wikipedia.org</wikispan></PubMed_Identifier"span>PMID</ali>&nbsp; <a classli id="external textcite_note-3" rel><span style="nofollowfont-size: small;" ><b><a href="http://wwwen.ncbiwikipedia.nlm.nih.govorg/pubmedwiki/870828Genomics#cite_ref-3">870828^</a>.</spanb></lispan> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-4size: small;"><b><a hrefspan class="http://encitation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977).wikipedia.org&quot;Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA&quot;. <i>Nature</wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4"i>^</ab>265</b> <span class(5596): 687&ndash;695. </span></span><span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al<a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en. (1995)wikipedia. &quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;. <i>Science<org/wiki/iDigital_object_identifier"> <bspan style="font-size: small;">doi</span>269</ba> (5223)<span style="font-size: 496&ndashsmall;512. ">:</span><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a classclass="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.11261038%2Fscience.75428002F265687a0"><span style="font-size: small;">10.11261038/265687a0</science.7542800span></a><span style="font-size: small;">. </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID<span style="font-size: small;">PMID</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800870828">7542800</a>.</span style="font-size: small;">870828</span></lia></span> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-5size: small;"><b><a hrefspan class="http://encitation Journal">.wikipedia.org</wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5"span>^</aspan></bli> <a classli id="external textcite_note-4" rel><span style="nofollowfont-size: small;" ><b><a href="http://wwwen.ncbiwikipedia.nlm.nih.govorg/genomeswiki/VIRUSES/virostat.htmlGenomics#cite_ref-4"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource^</ia>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</ab></lispan> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-6size: small;"><b><a hrefspan class="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6citation Journal">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://wwwFleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al.ncbi(1995).nlm&quot;Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd&quot;.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"><<i>Genome Project StatisticScience</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</ab>269</lib> <li id(5223): 496&ndash;512. </span></span><span class="cite_note-7citation Journal"><b><a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_refDigital_object_identifier"><span style="font-7size: small;">^doi</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">:</bspan> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://newsdx.bbcdoi.coorg/10.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/37607661126%2Fscience.stm7542800">BBC article <ispan style="font-size: small;">Human gene number slashed<10.1126/i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004science.7542800</aspan></lia> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-8size: small;">. <b/span><a hrefclass="http:/mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_refPubMed_Identifier"><span style="font-8size: small;">^PMID</aspan></ba> <a classspan style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbsencbi.nlm.ucscnih.edugov/newspubmed/2003/10/167542800"><span style="font-size: small;">7542800</pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"span>CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></lispan> <li idspan style="cite_notefont-9size: small;"><b><a hrefspan class="http://encitation Journal">.wikipedia.org</wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9"span>^</aspan></bli> <a classli id="external textcite_note-5" rel><span style="nofollowfont-size: small;" ><b><a href="http://wwwen.genomewikipedia.govorg/wiki/12511476Genomics#cite_ref-5">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome^</a></lib> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b/span><a hrefclass="http:external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://enwww.ncbi.nlm.wikipedianih.orggov/genomes/wikiVIRUSES/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0virostat.html">^</aspan style="font-size: small;"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</bi> , NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a class/a></li> <li id="external textcite_note-6" rel><span style="nofollowfont-size: small;" ><b><a href="http://wwwen.horizonpresswikipedia.comorg/wiki/phageGenomics#cite_ref-6">^<i/a>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</ib></span><a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a titleclass="external text" rel="International Standard Book Numbernofollow" href="http://enwww.ncbi.nlm.wikipedianih.orggov/wikigenomes/International_Standard_Book_Numberstatic/gpstat.html">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a titlespan style="Specialfont-size:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1small;" href="http:><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</en.wikipedia.orgspan></wikia></Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li>li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero7"><span style="font-11size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-07">^</a></b> </span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://wwwnews.horizonpressbbc.comco.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/cyan3760766.stm"><ispan style="font-size: small;">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and EvolutionBBC article </i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</span></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number/li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span style="font-size: small;" ><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_NumberGenomics#cite_ref-8">ISBN^</a>&nbsp;</b></span><a titleclass="external text" rel="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</awww.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"><span style="font-size: small;">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476"><span style="font-size: small;">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</span></a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-14-1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). </span></span><span class="citation book"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="font-size: small;">ISBN</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;</span><a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8"><span style="font-size: small;">978-1-904455-15-8</span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citation book">.</span>.</span></li>

<li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMC Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: A BMC journal on Genomics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Center for Applied Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children&rsquo;s Hospital of Philadelphia</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: UK companies and laboratories* </span><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics journal</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genomics.org</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/"><span style="font-size: medium;">NHGRI</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: US government's genome institute</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</span></a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/">KoreaGenome.org</a>&nbsp;and [http://KoreanGenome.org KoreanGenome.org]</span><span style="font-size: medium;">: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/"><span style="font-size: medium;">GenomicsNetwork</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php"><span style="font-size: medium;">Institute for Genome Sciences</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: Genomics research.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/"><span style="font-size: medium;">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</span></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</span></li>