View source for AffiliationsContributionsCorresponding authors

<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">Affiliations</span></span></p>
<div id="author-affiliations" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">
<ol class="affiliations" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
    <li id="a1" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yun Sung Cho,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hak-Min Kim,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sungwoong Jho,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Young-Ah Shin,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-uk Kim,</li>
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Priyvrat Gadhvi,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong-Soo Kim &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a2" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Li Hu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Haolong Hou,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaohui Xu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Qian Zhou,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Pengwei Xu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yingqi Xiong,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yadan Luo,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shengkai Pan,</li>
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Caiyun Gou,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiuhui Chu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jilin Zhang,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sanyang Liu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jing He,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Ying Chen,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Linfeng Yang,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Yulan Yang,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jiaju He,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sha Liu,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junyi Wang &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a3" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Tiger and Leopard Conservation Fund in Korea and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hang Lee</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a4" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Samsung Everland Zoo, Yongin 449-715, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Soowhan Kwon &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sukhun Oh</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a5" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangsoo Kim</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a6" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Byung Chul Kim,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyunmin Kim,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Tae Hyung Kim,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sunghoon Lee,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hyun-Ju Jung,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chul Hong Kim,</li>
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Hwanjong Kwak,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Junsu Ko,</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a7" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Shu-Jin Luo &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Xiao Xu</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a8" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virgina 22630, USA</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Warren E. Johnson</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a9" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Klaus-Peter Koepfli &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a10" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Anne Schmidt-K&uuml;ntzel</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a11" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Global White Lion Protection Trust, Tsau Conservancy, Greater Timbavati Region, PO Box 858, Limpopo 1380, South Africa</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jason A. Turner</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a12" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo 9000, Namibia</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laurie Marker</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a13" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Cindy Harper &amp;</li>
        &nbsp;
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a14" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Susan M. Miller</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a15" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Ukutula Lodge &amp; Lion Centre, NorthWest Province Brits 0250, South Africa</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Wilhelm Jacobs</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a16" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Laura D. Bertola</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a17" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seungwoo Hwang</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a18" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Chang-Bae Kim</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a19" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, Sungshin Women&rsquo;s University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Sangtae Kim</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a20" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Damdin Bayarlkhagva</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a21" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Woon Kee Paek</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a22" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Seong-Jin Kim</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a23" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Stephen J. O&rsquo;Brien</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a24" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a25" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jun Wang</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a26" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
    <li id="a27" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;">
    <h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); display: inline;">Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea</h3>
    <ul class="affiliation-authors" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">
        <li style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline;">Jong Bhak</li>
    </ul>
    </li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="author-contributions" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック', 'ＭＳ ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 23.912500381469727px;">
<h2 id="contrib-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Contributions</h2>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., H.L. and J.X. contributed equally to this work. The tiger genome project was initiated by J.B., B.C.K., H.L., T.H.K., S. Lee., Sangtae K., C.-B.K., S.-J.K., W.K.P. and Jun W. Library construction, sequencing, bioinformatics data processing and analysing genetic variation data were carried out by L.H., J.X., H.K., S.J., Y.-A.S., Q.Z., H.K., C.-U.K., Y.X., Y.L., S.P., C.G., X.C., J.Z., Sanyang L., Jing H., Y.C., L.Y., Y.Y., Jiaju H., S.-J.L., Junyi .W., J.-S.K., H.-M.K., Y.S.C., T.H.K., Sangsoo K., J.B. and Jun W. Several big cat genome re-sequencing were performed by H.-J.J. and C.H.K. PCR validations were performed by H.-J.J. and Hwanjong K., S. Kwon., S.O., W.K.P., H.L. and D.B. provided samples, advice and associated information. Y.S.C., L.H., H.H., S.-J.L, W.J., K.-P.K. X.X., P.G., S.H., J.K., C.-B.K., H.L., Sangtae K., Sangsoo K., S.J.O., Jun W., and J.B. wrote, edited and revised the manuscript. A.S.-K. conducted overall project coordination, data analysis and presentation of lion DNA analysis and overseeing/planning of laboratory work done at CCF (Cheetah Conservation Fund). J.A.T. carried out the lion DNA project initiation for samples of the Tsau Conservancy and the Johannesburg Zoo. L.M. did support of the laboratory work done at CCF. C.H. performed communication and project initiation at VGL (Veterinary Genetics Laboratory) and oversaw the laboratory work done at VGL, sampling and funding. S.M.M. at VGL did planning and execution of the laboratory work, pedigree verificationand reference samples of other populations. Wilhelm J. did pedigree information processing and sampling at the Ukutula Lodge. L.B. did the sample processing and laboratory work of Ouwehands Dierenpark and PLE171.</p>
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